Hyperemesis Hazel
This is not morning sickness — she has lost 12 pounds and her urine is full of ketones
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Hyperemesis Hazel
Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Vomiting, Ketones & Dehydration
This is not morning sickness — she has lost 12 pounds and her urine is full of ketones
At 10 weeks, Hazel cannot keep down water. She has lost 12 pounds, her mouth is dry, and the dipstick shows large ketones.
mnemonurse.com
The story
At 10 weeks, Hazel cannot keep down water. She has lost 12 pounds, her mouth is dry, and the dipstick shows large ketones.
Hazel has hyperemesis gravidarum: persistent vomiting in pregnancy severe enough to cause weight loss of more than 5% of prepregnancy weight, dehydration, ketonuria and electrolyte imbalance. Repeated vomiting loses hydrogen and chloride, producing hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Care is IV fluid replacement, antiemetics, electrolyte correction, NPO status until vomiting settles, then small dry carbohydrate foods with fluids taken between meals rather than with them.
The full story of Hyperemesis Hazel
Hazel earned her nickname from her sisters, who joked that she had turned morning sickness into a full-time occupation during her second trimester, unable to keep down even sips of water by mid-pregnancy. What she was actually experiencing was hyperemesis gravidarum, a severe and persistent form of vomiting in pregnancy linked to unusually high levels of hCG and estrogen, far beyond the transient nausea most expectant mothers experience. Unlike ordinary morning sickness, this relentless vomiting strips her body of hydrogen, chloride, and potassium, driving her toward metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia, while the absence of carbohydrate intake forces her body to break down fat for energy, spilling ketones into her urine. Hazel's name is a fitting anchor for remembering that hyperemesis is a true metabolic emergency, not simply pregnancy discomfort to be endured.
Hazel is admitted at seventeen weeks gestation after three days of unrelenting vomiting that even antiemetic tablets at home could not control. She has lost 12 pounds since conception, well beyond the 5 percent of prepregnancy weight threshold that defines hyperemesis rather than routine nausea. Her lips are cracked, her skin tents slightly when pinched, and she describes feeling constantly dizzy whenever she stands. Her admitting nurse sends a urine sample that returns strongly positive for ketones, confirming that Hazel's body has shifted into starvation metabolism. The obstetric team recognizes that this presentation demands immediate intravenous rehydration rather than another round of dietary advice, since Hazel cannot currently keep even small sips down long enough to matter.
By her second hospital day, Hazel's labs show potassium at 3.0 mEq/L and a urine specific gravity of 1.035, both confirming significant dehydration and electrolyte loss from her ongoing vomiting. Her heart rate climbs to 112 beats per minute, and her urine output has dropped to only 20 milliliters an hour despite the fluids running. She reports profound fatigue and a strange metallic taste in her mouth, and her nurse notes her deep tendon reflexes are diminished on exam, a worrying sign consistent with her low potassium. The fetal heart rate remains reassuring for now, but the team knows that unchecked, this trajectory threatens both Hazel's electrolyte stability and her pregnancy's continued growth.
The nurse prioritizes restoring Hazel's fluid and electrolyte balance, administering the ordered isotonic intravenous fluids with potassium replacement and closely tracking her strict intake and output every hour rather than every shift. She gives the prescribed antiemetic, a combination of pyridoxine and doxylamine, and adds thiamine supplementation given the duration of Hazel's vomiting to prevent further metabolic complications. Daily weights are obtained under consistent conditions to track trends objectively. Only once Hazel can tolerate small sips does the nurse introduce dietary teaching, encouraging small, dry, high-carbohydrate foods like crackers before rising and advising fluids between meals rather than with them, understanding that education is secondary to rehydration while active vomiting continues.
Remember Hyperemesis Hazel whenever the NCLEX presents a pregnant client with vomiting far beyond ordinary morning sickness: her name is your cue that weight loss over 5 percent plus ketonuria defines hyperemesis gravidarum, not routine first-trimester nausea. Lock in that vomiting in pregnancy almost always trends toward metabolic alkalosis with hypokalemia, the opposite direction of diarrhea's typical acidosis. Anchor that IV rehydration and electrolyte replacement are always the priority intervention over dietary teaching while she is actively vomiting. And whenever daily weight, strict intake and output, and potassium monitoring appear as answer choices for a client like Hazel, remember they are the correct ongoing surveillance for this metabolic emergency hiding inside a seemingly routine pregnancy.
Story arc
The setup
Hazel expects nausea in the first trimester, but by 10 weeks she is vomiting after everything, even sips of water.
The turn
She is dizzy standing up, her mucous membranes are dry, her urine is dark and scant, and she has lost 12 pounds.
The crisis
Labs show low potassium and a rising pH from lost stomach acid.
The save
Hazel receives IV fluids with electrolytes and an antiemetic, stays NPO briefly, then advances to small dry carbohydrate snacks with fluids between meals.
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